Bolognese sauce

Bolognese sauce (Italian: ragù alla bolognese) is a meat-based sauce for pasta originating from Bologna, Italy. It is customarily used to dress tagliatelle and may also be used to prepare "lasagne alla bolognese". In Italy, ragù alla bolognese is known simply as ragù.

Outside Italy, Bolognese sauce often refers to a tomato sauce with meat (beef or pork) added, and typically bears little resemblance to ragù alla bolognese.

[edit]The earliest documented recipe for a meat-based sauce (ragù) served with pasta comes from late 18th century Imola, near Bologna.^[1] Pellegrino Artusi first published a recipe for a meat sauce characterized as being bolognese in his cookbook published in 1891.^[2] Artusi's recipe, Maccheroni alla bolognese, is thought to derive from the mid 19th century when he spent considerable time in Bologna. (In Artusi's time, maccheroni was a generic term for pasta, both dried and fresh.)^[3]Origin and history

Artusi's sauce called for predominantly lean veal filet along with pancetta, butter, onion, and carrot. The meats and vegetables were to be finely minced, cooked with butter until the meats browned, then covered and cooked with broth. Artusi commented that the taste could be made even more pleasant by adding small pieces of dried mushroom, a few slices oftruffle, or a chicken liver cooked with the meat and diced. As a final touch, he also suggested adding half a glass of cream to the sauce when it was completely done to make it taste even smoother. Artusi recommended serving the sauce with a medium size pasta ("horse teeth") made from durum wheat. The pasta was to be made fresh, cooked until it was firm, and then flavored with the sauce and Parmigiano cheese.

Switzerland (German: Schweiz; French: Suisse [sɥis]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ]or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe,^{[note 4]} where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtensteinto the east.Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world by per capita gross domestic product, and has the highest wealth per adult (financial and non-financial assets) of any country in the world.^[7]^[8] Zurich and Geneva have respectively been ranked as the cities with the second and eighth highest quality of life in the world.^[9] It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDPand the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter and eighteenth largest importer of goods.Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km² (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva. The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world.^[6] Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.

Switzerland comprises three main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, and Italian, to which the Romansh-speaking valleys are added. The Swiss, therefore, though predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnic or linguistic identity. The strong sense of belonging to the country is founded on the common historical background, shared values (federalism and direct democracy)^[10] and Alpine symbolism.^[11] The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291; Swiss National Day is celebrated on the anniversary.

Swiss Confederation